Faulkner\u27s Mothers: The Relationship of Fact to Fiction In The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying

The author explores the relationship between actual events and circumstances in Faulkner’s own life and the fiction hat he wrote in his novels. William Faulkner was able to write his best work because he expected nothing from it. He was previously rejected by publishers, but furthermore rejected by his own family and two love interests. His mother was the only constant in his life. However she lacked love and caring and was domineering. These feelings of inferiority in Faulkner reflect in the children he wrote about and the traits of his mother reflect in the mothers in his novels as well

Microphysical variability in southeast Pacific Stratocumulus clouds: synoptic conditions and radiative response

Synoptic and satellite-derived cloud property variations for the southeast Pacific stratocumulus region associated with changes in coastal satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentrations (<i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>) are explored. MAX and MIN <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> composites are defined by the top and bottom terciles of daily area-mean <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> values over the Arica Bight, the region with the largest mean oceanic <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>, for the five October months of 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The ability of the satellite retrievals to capture composite differences is assessed with ship-based data. <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> and ship-based accumulation mode aerosol concentrations (<i>N</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>) correlate well (<i>r</i> = 0.65), with a best-fit aerosol activation value <span style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000; vertical-align: 50%; font-size: .7em; color: #000;"><i>d</i>ln <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub></span><span style="margin-left: -2.7em; margin-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: -45%; font-size: .7em; color: #000;"><i>d</i>ln <i>N</i><sub><i>a</i></sub></span> of 0.56 for pixels with <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>>50 cm<sup>−3</sup>. The adiabatically-derived MODIS cloud depths also correlate well with the ship-based cloud depths (<i>r</i>=0.7), though are consistently higher (mean bias of almost 60 m). The MAX-<i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite is characterized by a weaker subtropical anticyclone and weaker winds both at the surface and the lower free troposphere than the MIN-<i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> composite. The MAX-<i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite clouds over the Arica Bight are thinner than the MIN-<i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite clouds, have lower cloud tops, lower near-coastal cloud albedos, and occur below warmer and drier free tropospheres (as deduced from radiosondes and NCEP Reanalysis). CloudSat radar reflectivities indicate little near-coastal precipitation. The co-occurrence of more boundary-layer aerosol/higher <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> within a more stable atmosphere suggests a boundary layer source for the aerosol, rather than the free troposphere. <br><br> The MAX-<i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> composite cloud thinning extends offshore to 80° W, with lower cloud top heights out to 95° W. At 85° W, the top-of-atmosphere shortwave fluxes are significantly higher (~50%) for the MAX-<i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite, with thicker, lower clouds and higher cloud fractions than for the MIN-<i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite. The change in <i>N</i><sub><i>d</i></sub> at this location is small (though positive), suggesting that the MAX-MIN <i>N</i><sub>d</sub> composite differences in radiative properties primarily reflects synoptic changes. Circulation anomalies and a one-point spatial correlation map reveal a weakening of the 850 hPa southerly winds decreases the free tropospheric cold temperature advection. The resulting increase in the static stability along 85° W is highly correlated to the increased cloud fraction, despite accompanying weaker free tropospheric subsidence

Aerosol-Radiation-Cloud Interactions in the South-East Atlantic: Results from the ORACLES-2016 Deployment and a First Look at ORACLES-2017 and Beyond

Seasonal biomass burning (BB) in Southern Africa during the Southern hemisphere spring produces almost a third of the Earth's BB aerosol particles. These particles are lofted into the mid-troposphere and transported westward over the South-East (SE) Atlantic, where they interact with one of the three semi-permanent subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. These interactions include adjustments to aerosol-induced solar heating and microphysical effects. The representation of these interactions in climate models remains highly uncertain, because of the scarcity of observational constraints on both, the aerosol and cloud properties, and the governing physical processes. The first deployment of the NASA P-3 and ER-2 aircraft in the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols Above Clouds and Their IntEractionS) project in August/September of 2016 has started to fill this observational gap by providing an unprecedented look at the SE Atlantic cloud-aerosol system. We provide an overview of the first deployment, highlighting aerosol absorptive and cloud-nucleating properties, their vertical distribution relative to clouds, the locations and degree of aerosol mixing into clouds, cloud changes in response to such mixing, and cloud top stability relationships to the aerosol. We also expect to describe preliminary results of the second ORACLES deployment from Sao Tome and Principe in August 2017. We will make an initial assessment of the differences and similarities of the BB plume and cloud properties as observed from a deployment site near the plume's northern edge. We will conclude with an outlook for the third ORACLES deployment in October 2018

Does precipitation susceptibility vary with increasing cloud thickness in marine stratocumulus?

The relationship between precipitation rate and accumulation mode aerosol concentration in marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layers is investigated by applying the precipitation susceptibility metric to aircraft data obtained during the VOCALS Regional Experiment. A new method to calculate the precipitation susceptibility that incorporates non-precipitating clouds is introduced. The mean precipitation rate <i>R</i> over a segment of the data is expressed as the product of a drizzle fraction <i>f</i> and a drizzle intensity <i>I</i> (mean rate for drizzling columns). The susceptibility <i>S</i><sub>x</sub> is then defined as the fractional decrease in precipitation variable <i>x</i> = {<i>R</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>I</i>} per fractional increase in the concentration of aerosols with dry diameter >0.1 μm, with cloud thickness <i>h</i> held fixed. The precipitation susceptibility <i>S</i><sub>R</sub> is calculated using data from both precipitating and non-precipitating cloudy columns to quantify how aerosol concentrations affect the mean precipitation rate of all clouds of a given <i>h</i> range and not just the mean precipitation of clouds that are precipitating. <i>S</i><sub>R</sub> systematically decreases with increasing <i>h</i>, and this is largely because <i>S</i><sub>f</sub> decreases with <i>h</i> while <i>S</i><sub>I</sub> is approximately independent of <i>h</i>. In a general sense, <i>S</i><i>f</i> can be thought of as the effect of aerosols on the probability of precipitation, while <i>S</i><sub>I</sub> can be thought of as the effect of aerosols on the intensity of precipitation. Since thicker clouds are likely to precipitate regardless of ambient aerosol concentration, we expect <i>S</i><sub>f</sub> to decrease with increasing <i>h</i>. The results are broadly insensitive to the choice of horizontal averaging scale. Similar susceptibilities are found for both cloud base and near-surface drizzle rates. The analysis is repeated with cloud liquid water path held fixed instead of cloud thickness. Simple power law relationships relating precipitation rate to aerosol concentration or cloud droplet concentration do not capture this observed behavior

Forum: Teacher-Writers: Then, Now, and Next

In this article, the authors reflect upon “the teacher as writer” and describe how they see this concept and movement developing. They articulate a view of the teacher-writer as empowered advocate. Using examples from their scholarship, they illustrate how this powerful idea can transform research conducted about and with teachers. Finally, they draw attention to the potential of the teacher-writer stance as a means of resistance to current reform efforts that disempower teachers

Effects of Caregiver Dementia Training in Caregiver-Patient Dyads on Psychotropic Drug Prescription:A Randomized Controlled Study

PURPOSE: Does participating in a multicomponent intervention targeting caregivers change the prescription rates of psychotropic drugs of caregivers or the person with dementia (PWD) they live with and care for. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants were 142 dyads of community-dwelling cohabiting caregivers and PWD randomized to intervention or control (care as usual). Participating caregivers received the intervention in a holiday accommodation over five days in groups of two to six dyads. During this time, caregivers attended 14 psychoeducational group sessions on relevant emotional, relational, practical, financial, and social changes related to living with PWD. These sessions were delivered by a psychologist, a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist, an elderly care physician, a dietician and a social worker and included combating social isolation, planning for the future, re-rolling, medical aspects of dementia, fitness, therapeutic use of facilities, nutrition and using community services. The design was a randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were compared 3 months after baseline. Drug use for both caregivers and PWD were reported as all psychotropic drug use and specified as antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anxiolytic and hypnotic drug use based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classifications. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed in psychotropic drug use by 3 months after baseline among caregivers (p 0.22 MD −0.08 95% CI −0.20–0.05) or PWD (p 0.61, MD 0.04 95% −0.12–0.21) in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: A multicomponent course for caregivers living with PWD did not affect psychotropic drug use by either person. This may be explained by the low level of baseline drug use and the lack of the prescribing physician involvement in the present study. The low baseline drug use likely reflects selection bias for caregiver participants who were more inclined to use psychosocial interventions in preference to psychotropic medication, making them more likely to participate in caregiver training